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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE

FARMERS' BULLETIN No. 1481

BREEDS 9^ DOGS

AMERICAN SPECIALTY CLUBS FOR BREEDS DISCUSSED IN THIS

BULLETIN

Breed

Specialty club

Secretary

Airedale Terrier

American Foxhound .

Beagle

, Boston Terrier

Bulldog

Bull Terrier...
Cairn Terrier.

Chesapeake Bay Dog.
Chow Chow

Collie

Dachshund .

Dalmatian

Doberman Pinscher...

English Setter...

Fox Terrier

French Bulldog .

Great Dane.
Greyhound..

Griffon

Irish Wolfhound.

Irish Setter

Irish Terrier...
Newfoundland.

Old English Sheep
Dog.

Pekingese

Pomeranian

-Poodle

Russian Wolfhound...

St. Bernard.
Samoyede...

Scottish Terrier...
Sealyham Terrier .

Shepherd- _

Spaniel

Welsh Terrier

West Highland White

Terrier.
Whippet

The Airedale Terrier Club of

America.
The American Foxhound Club

The National Beagle Club of

America.
Boston Terrier Club, Inc

Bulldog Club of America, Inc..

Bull Terrier Club of America

Cairn Terrier Club of America...

American Chesapeake Club

Chow Chow Club

The Collie Club of America..
Dachshund Club

Dalmatian Club of America

Doberman Pinscher -Club of

America,
English Setter Club of America...

American Fox Terrier Club

French Bull Dog Club of America.

Great Dane Club of America

The Greyhound Club of America -

Brussels Griffon Club of America..

Irish Setter Club of America

Irish Terrier Club of America

Newfouudland Club of America...

Old English Sheep Dog Club of

America.
The Pekingese Club of America..,

American Pomeranian Club

The Poodle Club

Russian Wolfhound Club of

America.

St. Bernard Club of America

The Samoyede Club of America..!

The Scottish Terrier Club of

America.
American Sealyham Terrier Club.

Shepherd Dog Club of America,
Inc.

Spaniel Breeders' Society

American Spaniel Club

Welsh Terrier Club of America

The West Highland White Terrier

Club of America.
Whippet Club of America

Joseph Dain, jr., Moline, HI.

E. Lester Jones, 2116 Bancroft Place NW.,

Washington, D. C.
R. V. N. Gambrill, 49 Broad St., New York,

N. Y.

Mrs. John A. Kyte, 148 Pearl St., Newton,
Mass.

John F. Collins, 25 Corporal Stone St., Bay-
side, N. Y.
N. F. Emmons, Hingham, Mass.
Mrs. Norman W. Ward, 205 Hicks St.

Brooklyn, N. Y.
A. A. Felt, 130 Second St. NW., Mason

City, Iowa.
Dr. Henry Jarrett, Box 4372, Chestnut Hill,

Philadelphia, Pa.
H. H. Shields, Bennington, Vt.
Mrs. C. Davies Tainter, Gednev Farms,

White Plains, N. Y.
Miss Flora MacDonald, 127 Jamaica Ave.,

Flushing, N. Y.
Mrs. Walter E. Donovan, 10 Elizabeth Ave.,

Brighton, Mass.
J. R. Moon, jr., Cape May, N. J.
S. J. Halle, 26 Broad St., New York, N. Y.
Mrs. S. A. Halsey, 26 Hurden St., HiUside,

N.J.

G. F. Eggert, 2 Gay St., Elmhurst, N. Y.
John Sinnott, 232 S. Front St., Philadelphia,
Pa.

Mrs. F. Y Mathis, Greenwich, Conn.
Mrs. Glenn Stewart, Cape Centaur House,

Easton, Md.
A. L. Browne, 100 E. 45th St., New York,

N. Y.

Hubert Rutherford Brown, 70 Fifth Ave.,
New York, N. Y.

Charles R. Wood, 400 Chestnut St., Phila-
delphia, Pa.

Mrs. Wilbur Kirby Hitchcock, Box 136,
Pleasantville, N. Y.

Mrs. Henry S. Maguire, Butler Hall, 78
Morningside Drive, New York, N. Y.

Mrs. A. L. Baldwin, 260 Sixth Ave., Newark,
N.J.

Mr«. W. Ward MacLeod, Beech wood Park,

Upper Darby, Pa.
J. Bailey Wilson, Route 3, Media, Pa.

Dudley E. Waters, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Corvin E. Ware, 39 Cortlandt St., New

York, N. Y.
Arnault B. Edgerly, 110 Norway St., Boston,

Mass.

Walter B. Johnson (assistant secretary), 221
E. 33d St., New York, N. Y.

Miss Anne Tracy, Room 1210, 1482 Broad-
way, New York, N. Y.

J. Macy Willets, 30 Broad St., New York,
N. Y.

J. Rulon Miller, jr., 31 S. Calvert St., Balti-
more, Md.

Miss Gertrude de Coppet, 754 Park Av .,

New York, N. Y.
Wm. R. Tucker, jr., Germantown Cricket

Club, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
E. Coe Kerr, Mill Neck, N. Y.

Washington^ D. C.
II

Issued May, 1926

BREEDS OF DOGS

By S. R. Speelman, Assistant Animal Husbandman, and J. O. Williams,
Animal Hushandmam, Animal Htishandry Division, Bureau of Animal In-
dustry *

CONTENTS

Page

Airedale Terrier 1

Beagle 2

Boston Terrier ' 3

Brussels Griffon 5

Bulldogs :

English Bulldog 5

French Bulldog 6

Bull Terrier 8

Cairn Terrier 9

Chesapeake Bay Dog 9

Chow Chow 11

Collie 12

Dachshund 13

Dalmatian 14

Doberman Pinscher 15

Foxhound 16

Fox Terrier 17

German Shepherd Dog 19

Great Dane : 20

Greyhound 21

Irish Terrier 22

Irish Wolfhound 24

Newfoundland 25

Old English Sheep Dog 25

Pekingese— «^ 27

Page

Pointer -28

Police Dog. (See German Shepherd

Dog.) ^ . 19

Pomeranian 29

Poodle 30

Retrievers 3t

Russian Wolfhound 31

St. Bernard 32

Samoyede ^. 33

Scottish Terrier 34

Sealyham Terrier . 36

Setters : ■

English Setter 37

Irish Setter 38

Sporting Spaniels :

Cocker Spaniel 39

Clumber Spaniel 40

English Springer Spaniel 41

Field Spaniel 42

Irish W^ter Spaniel 42

Sussex Spaniel . 43

Welsh Springer Spaniel — 4S

Welsh Terrier 43

West Highland White Terrier 44

Whippet 45

AIREDALE TERRIER

IT IS the consensus of opinion among well-informed breeders of
the Airedale Terrier (fig. 1) that this dog originated in the valley
section of the Aire River, Yorkshire, England, from a cross of
the old English Terrier (a black-and-tan wire-hair) and the Otter
Hound. Frequent crosses of the parent stock were made, resulting in
a gradual improvement in size and strength until a new type, first
known as the Waterside Terrier, was evolved. Later in the breed's
development it is reported that matings were made with individuals
of the Irish Terrier and pit Bull Terrier breeds. The resulting
terrier soon became very popular as a sporting dog in England and
was named "Airedale " from the district in which it originated.

The Airedale's head and ears, with the exception of dark markings
on each side of the skull, should be tan. The legs up to the thighs
and elbows are tan, and the body is black or a dark grizzle, a black
saddle being preferred. There is no standard height ^ adopted for

1 Acknowledgment is made of the asi^stance and cooperation of officials of various dog
specialty clubs and dog breeders and fanciers, who have supplied a portion of the data and
illustrative material appearing in this publication.

2 Height is determined by a perpendicular line from the top of the shoulder blade to the
ground.

Farmers* Bulletin PfOl

the Airedale, but nmtnre spetimens stand approximatoly from 22 to
24 inches. ]Sfature males should wei<rh from 40 to 45 pounds, females
.sli<rhtly less. Weiirht is one of the important points of the Airedale
standard, most good individuals topping the 45-pound limit slightly
(45 to 48 pounds).

The Airedale Terrier is a sturdy, well-knit dog, possessing plenty
of bone for its size, intelligence, endurance, ganieness, and speed. It
is favored by many as an ideal companion and is a splendid watch-
dog, in addition to its utility as a working terrier and small-game
dog. As a working terrier the Airedale is particularly good in water
and aboveground, iDUt is ordinarily too large to work well under-
ground. This breed of late years has found great favor with dog

Fig. 1. — Airpilalo Terrier

lovers and fanciers in the Ignited States and to-day stands as one of
the most widely distributed and pojndar breeds of dogs in America.

BEAGLE

Little is known of the origin of the Beagle (fig. 2). Rabbit or
hare eoursing is said to have been a sport as far back as Grecian
^inies, and it is possible that some type of Beagle was created then.
As the breed is known to-day, however, Beagles have been developed
in England through ci'ossing early type dogs with the old southern
and other hounds. The breed stock in this country has been imported
from England and differences in type between English and American
Jieagles ai-e attributable to the varying factors of climate and
niiinagement.

Breeds of Dogs

Any good hound color is acceptable for Beagles — ^black, ^Ylute, and
tan, or any two of these colors, hare or badger pied, hlne mottled, etc.
Individuals are separated into two divisions by heights: (1) 1?3
inches and under and {'A) over 1:5 inches and not exceeding 15 inches.
No weight specifications are set by the standard.

The typical Beagle resembles the Foxhound in miniature, a dog
solid and ''big" for its size, The body is rather ''cobby" with a
f^hort, muscular back; broad, deep chest; clean, muscular, sloping
shoulders; medium-length neck; rugged, square-set legs; and strong,
muscular hind quart<5rs. The ears are of the pendant type and fairly
large; the muzzle square-cut, straight, of medium length, and not
.snipy, with the general head character indicative of a gay but deter-
mined worker.

Tie. 1'. — Uoiiglp

l^engles are used both here and abroad for rabbit or hare hunting,
and in such sport are generally worked in packs. Once on the trail
of the prey th^se little hounds are determined, vociferous workers
and will not usually leave the chase until a kill has been made.
Throughout the Ignited States there are various Beagle packs, ])ut
nunierieully the bree<l is only moderately stnmg.

BOSTON TERRIER

The Boston Terrier (fig. 3) is a dog of strictly American creation
and development, produced by crossing the P^nglish Bulldog with
the English Terrier. The breed originated approximately ;>0 years
ago in Boston. ]Mass.. fi-oui which it later accpiired its name.

Farmers' Bulletin U91

Authorities state that the individual peculiarities of the sires promi-
nent in the breed's early development are larfjely responsible for
its present type, the foundation sire (Hooper's Judge) being a high-
stationed, dark-seal brindle terrier weighing about 30 pounds.

Ideal markings for the Boston Terrier show a white muzzle, and
an even, white blaze over the head, collar, breast, part or whole of
forelegs, and hind legs below the hocks. The color for the re-
mainder of the body should be one of the various shades of brindle—
such as mahogany, seal, golden, etc. — with the brindle covering
evenly distributed" throughout. The height of mature individuals
taken at the shoulder varies from 14 to 20 inches, depending on

Fio. 8. — Boston Terrier

the class. The weights range from luider 15 to 25 pounds. Weight
classifications for the various divisions are: Lightweight, under 15
pounds; middleweight, 15 and under 20 pounds; heavyweight, 20
and not exceeding 25 pounds.

In general appearance the Boston Terrier is a lively, intelligent,
smooth-coated, short-headed, compactly built individual, exhibiting
determination, strength, style, and activity to a decided degree.
It originated as a gentleman's companion dog and as suck retains
its chief popularity. INIembers of the breed, however, make ex-
cellent house dogs and are valuable as guards. The Boston Terrier
is very popular in the United States and is widelj^ distributed
throughout the countr3%

Breeds of Dogs

BRUSSELS GRIFFON

The Brussels Griffon has probably been developed within the last
half century. The name implies that this dog is of Belgian origin,
and such is the popular belief, yet it is very probable that the breed
owes considerable, if not all, of its ancestry to a number of English
dogs. A toy, pocket-size terrier of similar type, which may or
may not have been the original Brussels Griffon, is known to have
been present in Yorkshire, England, about 1870. The ancestry is
not considered of great consequence, however, because the breed is
still in that stage of development where type has not become per-
manently fixed. There are three distinct types of Brussels Griffons,
any one or all of which may be present in the same litter. The dis-
tinction between types is one of color and hair character. Griffons
Bruxellois and Griffons Beiges are both wire haired, but the Petit
Brabangons are smooth coated.

Colors for Brussels Griffons vary with the types as follows:
Griffons Bruxellois, red; Griffons Beiges, preferably black and
tan, but also gray or fawn ; Petit Brabangons, red or black and tan.
Lightweight individuals can not exceed a maximum of 5 pounds in
weight; the maximum for the heavyweight class is 10 pounds. No
standard heights have been set for this breed.

The Brussels Griffon is essentially a miniature terrier, a cobby,
compact dog characterized by large eyes, a short, turned-up nose,
small ears, and prominent chin. The whole expression has been
likened to a "monkey face." The breed is used principally as a
lady's pet and should be active, robust, and intelligent. Brussels
Griffons have no great degi'ee of popularity in the United States
and their distribution, accordingly, is somewhat restricted.

BULLDOGS
ENGLISH BULLDOG

The English Bulldog (fig. 4) has been in existence for several
centuries, the native home of the breed being the British Isles,
where it was created for the purpose of bull baiting and bear bait-
ing. These sports were very popular in Britain for a time and as
a result the breed developed rather rapidly. Later, dog fighting
came into vogue and supplanted the baiting sports, so the English
IBuUdog was adapted to the "pit." In all the sports in which Eng-
lish Bulldogs have been used, courage, tenacity, determination, and
strength have been the ruling factors. Many of these qualities
were no doubt inherited from the Mastiff, of which the English
Bulldog is a descendant, and some were acquired from the terrier
blood which is likewise reported to have been used in the forma-
tion of the breed.

The standard of the Bulldog Club of America states that the
various colors found in the English Bulldog are to be preferred in
the following order : Ked brindle ; all other brindles ; solid white ;
solid red, fawn, or fallow; piebald; inferior qualities of all
the foregoing. In brindles and solid colors a white patch on
the chest is not considered detrimental. Average heights for aged

Farmers' Bulletin H91

individuals of tlie biwd are between IT) and IG inches. The weight
desired for mature do<rs is 50 pounds and for bitelies 40 pounds.

In general appearance the Enc^lish Bulldog slionld suggest power,
courage, determination, and stability. Tlie imdersliot jaw, the so-
called "wheel" or ''roach-back'' and a loose-jointed, shutHing,
"roll" gait are breed characteristics. English Bulldogs have long
been noted for courage and fighting ability, and it was to these
qualities that they owed their former utility as sporting dogs.
Nowadays bull baiting and pit fighting are unlawful, so the breed's
popularity is dependent on OAvnei's and fanciers who admire it for

Fig. 4. — English Bnlldof,'

its companionship, devotion, and guarding ability. Furthermore,
it is asserted that this do^* makes a particularly suitable comrade
for diildrcn. The breed's popularity has slightly decreased in
recent years, yet there are numerous owners and fanciers in the
United Stales who renuiin staunch admirers of the English Bull-
dog.

FRENCH BULLDOG

It is claimed in France that the French Bulldog (fig, 5) is a breed
of native origin. 'J'here are British fanciers, however, who say the
blood of the English Bulldog has had much to do with the derelop-

Breeds of Dogs

ment and fixing of the French breed's type. Especial claim in this
quiuter is laid to the more recent breeding operations which have
somewhat changed the original French type so that it now rather
ch>sely resembles the miniature English Bulldog. Both of these
versions are pj-obably correct, since French fanciers admit the impor-
tation and use of English dogs and I^ritish breeders generally do
not question the origin of the native Fren(!h dog. The identity of
the old French type is not an established fact, but it is thought that
this stock oi iginated in Spain, being a descendant of the Spanish
J^,idldog.

Acceptable colors for the French Bulldog breed are : All brindle
(dark preferred) and any other color except the following, which

Fig. 5. — French nulldog

constitute disqualification: Solid. black, black and white, black and
tan, liver, and mouse color. Black as used in the standard means
black without any trai^e of brindle. No definite heights are speci-
fied for individuals of the breed, but in size the French Bulldog
closel}^ approximates the English Miniature Bulldog. Weights
given for the two classes of French Bulldogs recognized under the
standard are : Lightweight, under 22 pounds; heavyweight, 22
pounds and not more than 28 pounds.

In general appearance the French Bulldog is an active, intelligent,
muscular dog, ratlier small in size, of "cobby" conformation, and
pos.c;essing good bone. Breed charaeteri.s;tics are "bat" ears and a
decided "stop,"^ which should be as deep as possible. The French

3 The t<M'in " <top."* applied to do;rs, moans the dopre.ssion bot%Yoen the cranial and the
iiasnl bon<'?> in the f.-icc.

Fanners' Bulletin 1M1

Bulldonf is of utility cliiefl}- as a eonijianion and «^uard dojj;. It has
been rather extensiVelv bred in the Ignited States of hite years, its
distribution being <(reale.st iu the Eastern States.

BULL TERRIER

The Bull Terrier breed (fi<,^ G) owes its ereation to the sporting
instinets of young Englishmen of the early part of the nineteenth
century. At that time considerable attention was given to "pit"
hghting and young English gamesters sought to develop a type of
terrier that eould fight as well as kill vermin and hunt small game.
Crosses of the larger type, smooth-eoated, blaek-and-tan terriers,
the early English white terrier, and the En«^lish Bulldog are reported
to hare been made, resulting in the kind of fighting dog desired.

Fig. 0. — null Tnrier

This animal was neither terrier nor bulldog, being a short-legged,
heavy-set, short-headed, fawn -colored mongrel. Gradually all the
bulldog charaeteristies, except courage and fighting qualities, Avere
bred out, and after considerable outcrossing with the English white
terrier the type assumed its present form.

The accepted color for the Bull Terrier is white. Headmarks,
however, such as a brindle patch about one eye, are permissible.
Any mark back of the head is a disqualification for show purposes,
but does not bar the dog from registration. Faint black hairs in
spots (ticks) throughout the coat are common to puppies but dis-
appear with maturity. Average heights for mature terriers range
from 19 to 211/2 inches. Animals above tl:c latter height are ordi-
narily considered too "weedy" unless they are exceptional speci-
mens" AVeight in the breed varies with the class. A good average

Breeds of Dogs

for individuals in the lightweight class is 28 to l^o pounds, the heavier
weights favoring the males. The averages for terriers above the
35-pound limit are: Dogs, 45 to 50 pounds; bitches, 43 to 45 pounds.

In general appearance the Bull Terrier is a uuiscular, bj^muietrical
dog in ^vhich agility, determination, and courage are embodied.
The head is rather long, flat, wide betAoen the ears, and lean, with
even, i)unishing jaws; the ears, when uncro])ped, are semierect; the
nock lont^ and slightly arched; the shoulders strong and slanting
with a wide, deep chest and rounded r'xhf^] (he logs uuiscular; the
feet catlike; and the back short and strong. The entire make-up of
this dog should suggest ability to defend itself and its master in any
emergency. Bull Terriers enjoy a considorablo degree of popularit}^
in this country and
the breed's distri-
bution is rather ex-
tensive.

CAIRN TERRIER

The Cairn Ter-
rier (fig. 7) is gen-
erally believed to
have come from the
same original foun-
dation stock as the
breeds now recog-
nized as Scottish
and West Highland
White Terriers. All
these breeds origi-
nated in Scotland.
In the case of the Fig. 7.— Caim Tenier

Cairn an effort has

been made to preserve as nearly as possible the type of the original
terrier of Scotland, with the result that this dog is about the smallest
working animal of the lot.

Any color except white is acceptable under the Cairn standard.
Black points are typical. The coat character is important — it must
have a profuse, harsh, but not coarse outer coat, and a short, rlose,
funy under coat. The height of mature dogs is about 9 inches at
the shoulder and the weights vary from 12 to 15 pounds for dogs and
11 to 13 pounds for bitches.

The Cairn Terrier is characterized by its alert appearance, intelli-
gence, activity, hardiness, and gameness. It is essentially an outdoor
dog particularly adapted to the work of retrieving and ''going to
earth for vermin, but makes a very companionable house dog, how-
ever, and as such has found favor with many American owners. The
distribution of the Cairn Terrier is not very extensive in this country.

CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG

Several explanations have been advanced from time to time re-
garding the origin of the Chesapeake Bay Dog (fig. 8), but the fol-

Farmers* BuUciiu PiOl

lowing aoooimt is aocoptod as authentic by the breed specialty asso-
ciation in this country. In 1807 the ship CcMtton, of Baltimore,
Md., fell in at sea witli a sinkin^r En<rlish brig and took off lier crew.
In the carfi'o aboard the brl<;- were two pups (a do^r and a bitch) of
Ne^Yi'onndUlnd type, wliieh ^Yere ]^urchai^ed from the Kn^rlish ship
captain by (ie()r<re Law. The dojj; was din^y red in e()h)r and the
bitch Avas black. Mi\ Law on huidin<jr pive the doir, named " Saih)r/'
and the bitch, called 'H^nton/' to friends ashore. Both anhnals
Avere smaller than Newfoundlands and had short, tliick coats and
dowdaAY.s. They were used by tlieir owners for hnntin<r. and soon
ac<piired great reputations as water dogs. Tt is said that the dog and
bitch Avere likewise used for breeding, i)rohably with native stock of

Via. S.— ('lu*«aijrake 15 ay l)i>g

the Chesapeake region, and out of such unions the new breed, named
from its source of origin, developed.

The accepted color for tliis breed is that of dead grass, varying
from tan to a faded brown. Dark brown, liver, or black is not
acceptable. A white spot on the breast or toes is permissible if the
body color is correct. The Chesa])eake Bay standard recpiires thai
dogs be between 2:) and 20 inches in height and bitches between 21
and 24 inches. Weight variations for tlio breed are from G5 to 75
pounds for males and 55 to G5 pounds for females.

The Chesapeake r>ay Dog is noted for its retrieving ability, and
in this field is probably unexcelled. The double-coat character Avhich
these dogs possess, together Avith a peculiar Avebfoot formation, hardy
ccmstitntion, and good nose enables them to Avork untiringly for long
periods untler adverse conditions. Jt i.s claimed by breed enthusiasts

Breeds of Dogs

thfwt tlie Chesapeake Bay 'm likewise very useful as a guard, is com-
panionable in nature, and strictly a one-inan dog. The breed is not
numerically strong, its chief popularity being confined to the Middle
Atlantic States, wlierc it originated,

CHOW CHOW

The native home of the Chow Chow (fig. 9) is China, particu-
larly the northern portion, in which country it has been bred for a
great number of years. No specific data are available regarding
the bi'ced's origin, but from the general characteristics exhibited

Vui. y. — Chow Chow

by representative individuals to-day it is practically certain that
the ancestry traces back to dogs of the Arc4ic, particularly the
Esquimaux.

Colors accepted by the Chow Chow Club for the breed are black,
red, yellow, blue, white, ete. Individuals must be whole or self-
coh)red, with the exception that the under portions of the tail and
back of the thighs may be lighter in shade than the predominating
color.

No definite height and weight standards for the breed have been
adopted in this country, but the more desirable males stand about
20 inches at the shoulder and weigh from 55 to 60 pounds. Bitches

Fdrniers' Bulletin liOl

usually measure an iuch less than dogs and weigii from 50 to 55
pounds.

CMiow Cliows in apix'-arance are lively, compact, muscular, slK)rt-
coupled individuals whose utility lies chiefly in their value as com-
l)anion and watchdogs. Peculiar characteristics of the breed are
bliie-black tonoues, almoud-shaped ej^es, cobby bodies, catlike feet,
straight hocks, strong bone, and an inscrutable, oriental appearance.

The breed is often spoken of as "one man" in nature, for Chow
Chows are notably loyal and devoted to their masters. Individuals
may be either rough coated or smooth coated, the former type being
by far the more popular in this country. The Chow Chow enjoys
considerable i)opularity in the United States and is generally well
represented at the leading bench shows.

Fiu. lU. — Collie (rough couted)

COLLIE

The origin of the Collie (hg. 10) goes back to the very beginning
of man's acquaintance with domesticated breeds of dogs. Indeed,
many fanciers and authorities are of the belief that this breed is the
oldest of all dogs, because the Collie greatly resembles the historic
wild dog in general conformation and cunning, and because all herd-
ing dogs appear to have a common source of ancestry. In spite of
such beliefs, however, little authentic information is at hand regard-
ing the origin of the Collie. It is known that the herdsmen of
Scotland developed the rough-coated tyjie which, accordingly, has
become popularly known as the " Scotch Collie," but the great length
of time which such development covered precludes the possibility

Breeds of Dogs

of accurately checking its origin. The smooth-coated type is a dog
of English breeding similar in all respects to the rough-coated
Collie except in coat character.

No color standard has been set by the Collie Club for individuals
of the breed; but the dogs of black or tan with a white frill and
collar, the showy sable with white markings, and the blue merles
are most sought by present-day fanciers. The Collie standard
requires that males of the breed measure about 24 inches at the
shoulder and females approximately 22 inches. The weight for a
mature dog should approximate 60 pounds and the bitch 50 pounds.

The Collie is one of the most attractive of all dogs. As a breed
it is characterized by a natural grace and animation matched only
by its intelligence and cunning. Two distinct types exist within
the breed^ the working dog and the bench-show individual, the latter
being strictly a creation bf the fancier in which most of the utility
has been sacrificed for beauty. Two of the major considerations in
judging Collies are coat character and expression. In the rou^
type, the coat, except on the head and legs, should be abundant, tne
outer coat being harsh and the inner soft, furry, and very close. The
smooth type has a short, dense, weather-resisting coat which should
be uniform throughout the body. Of the two types the smooth-
coated Collie is the harder to produce because its coat character does
not permit the hiding of anatomical defects.

Expression in both types is of utmost importance. As outlined in
the standard, expression is a combined product of the shape of the
slmll and muzzle, the set, size, shape, and color of the eyes, and the
position and carriage of the ears. This expression and the general
conformation of the Collie throughout should indicate its utility as a
herding dog. Other uses are claimed for the Collie, such as a small-
game do^, watchdog, and companion ; but it is a^ a herder that the
breed originated and is most popular. Collies, particularly the
rough-coated type, have always been great favorites with American
fanciers and no doubt will continue to uphold their prestige as one
of our leading breeds of dogs.

DACHSHUND

Like many other breeds of dogs, the origin and early development
of the Dachshund (fig. 11) is more or less speculative and obscure.
Some authorities are of the opinion that it was descended from the
French Basset Hound, others from the old Turnspit; but it seems
more probable that the Dachshund is a manufactured breed whose
parent stock was terrier and hound. The native home of the breed
IS Germany, in which country Dachshunds enjoy considerable popu-
larity and are used rather extensively in hunting small ^ame, par-
ticularly the badger. In fact, it is probably because of this use that
the Dachshund owes its peculiar conformation. In order to cope suc-
cessfully with the badger in its lair a dog must be capable of digging
to its prey. This the Diachshund, with its long, low-set body, strong
legs, and plucky, sporting spirit, is well adapted to do.

Dachshunds may be any one of a number of colors, as black-and-
tan, red, chocolate, etc. The German standard divides the breed into
classes according to color, as one-colored, two-colored, and dappled.
The black-and-tan is probably the commonest and most favored

Fanners' Bulletin IMl

type. The standard likewise subdivides the breed into classes, accord-
ing to weights, as follows: Toy, up to 12 pounds; lightweight, dogs
up to IGI2 pounds, bitches up to 151/^ pounds; middleweight, dogs
and bitches up to pounds; heavyweight, dogs and bitches over 22
pounds. Xo definite height is set for individuals of the brcrd, but
the range is api)r()xiinately 7 to 9 inclies, mea.surcd at the shoulder.

In general appearance the Dachshund is a long, loAv-sct dog, com-
pact of body and well muscled throughout. The legs are short,
those of the fore quarters being slightly crooked. The coat char-
acter may be either short haired, long haired, or rough haired, the
first named being generally the most popular.

The Dachshund's utility lies in its sporting value, and in that
respect the breed is very popular in Germany and England. In
this country Dachshunds have never become very popular and hence
arc neither widely distributed nor extensively bred.

History and origin of the Dalmatian dog (fig. 12) are shrouded
in mystery. It is generally believed that the breed was developed
in the Province of Dalmatia, a section of Austria, on the eastern
shore of the Gulf of Venice, yet little is known of the foundation
stock from which it sprang. Inasmuch, however, as Dalmatians
are in many ways similar to Pointers, it has often been assumed that
these breeds are in some manner related ; and it is not improbable
that there is considerable truth in this theory, since Dalmatians
have often been used for hunting in their native land.

Individuals of the Dalmatian breed should be either black and
white or liver and white in color. Both color and markings are
most important points in this breed. The Dalmatian standard re-
quires that the ground color in both ^ arieties be pure white, not
intermixed. The color of the spots in the black-and-white variety
should be a deep, rich black; in the liver-spotted variety they should

Fig. 11. — Dnchshund

DALMATIAN

Breeds of Dogs

be brown. The npots should be as round as possible, should not
inter mi n^rle, and dioidd be of a size varyin*)^ from that of a dime to
:i half dollar. Spots on the face, head, ears, le<rs, and tail should
be smaller than those on the body. Accepted hei<rhts for the breed
are between 10 and 23 inches, while the weights range from 35 to
50 jDonnds.

In troneral appearance the Dalmatian is a short-haired, smooth,
ftvnimetrical, muscular, active do<r of ultra-smart appearance, capa-
ble of going at a fair rate of speed, and possessing great endurance.
Dalmatians have been used as gun dogs in their native land; but
in this country they are best known as coach, watch, and com-
panion dogs. The breed is devoted to country life and horses and,
c(m sequent ly, has fonnd its staunchest admirers among owners of

Fw. 12. — Dalmatian

large country estates and light-horse fanciers. The number of Dal-
mations in the United States now is rather limited and the breed's
finiciors few,

nOBERMAN PINSCHER

Authorities do not agree conecrning the origin of the Dobcrman
riufeeher. Some are of the opinion that ATeiuuircr Hunting Dogs
w^ere used in crossing with such stock as the Blaek-and-Tan Terrier,
etc. Other breeds named as po^ible contributors to tlie breed's
foundation and development are the Thuringian Pinscher, Herden
Hund, Shepherd, Vorstehehund, etc. x\ppcarances, however, seem
to indicate that dogs of the pinscher and shepherd type were largely
resi)onsible for the Doberman's creation. Credit for the foundation
84435°— 2C 3

Fanners' B idle tin U91

of the breed is giren to a German dog catcher of Apokla by the
name of Doberman. The animals which he and his associates pro-
duced were called " Bellin<^s," a name which was later chan<red to
" Doberman " in honor of the breed's founder. After Doberman's
death the breed no doubt would have become extinct but for the
efforts of a fancier, Otto Goeller, who, about 25 years ago, enlisted
his services in its development and perpetuation. To Goeller is
given the credit for all that the breed is.

Accepted colors for Doberman Pinschers are black, brown, or
blue with sharply defined, rust-red markings. Heights for males of
the breed should be approximately 22% to 251/2 inches (58 to 65
centimeters) and for females 21^2 to 2»5Vl2 inches (55 to GO centi-
meters) at the shoulder. No weight standard has been adopted, but
mature individuals scale about 45 pounds.

In general appearance the Doberman Pinscher is a medium-sized
dog, compact, muscular, sinewy, and graceful in build, possessing en-
durance and speed. He should be alert and lively, intelligent, and
courageous. In Germany this breed is one of the most popular and
is largely used as a watchdog and police dog. The Doberman
Pinscher so far has not become very widely distributed in the United
States, but in numerous instances has found favor as a companion
and guard dog.

FOXHOUND

Foxhounds (fig. 13) are said to have originated from a cross of
the Bloodhound and the Greyhound. The English breed is very old,

ric. 18. — Koxhuuml (American)

Breeds of Dogs

records showing that it has been systematically bred in Great Britian
for a period of 300 years. In this country Foxhound breeding dates
back to Revolutionary War times, with two distinct types of hounds
produced, the English and the American. The English type is the
larger of the two, and individuals of this class are generally more
uniform in color, markings, size, style, and conformation than the
American hound. This fixing of type, however, it is said, has de-
stroyed much of the speed, endurance, and trailing ability of the
English dog. The American type, on the contrary, has been
developed strictly along utility lines and, although it lacks much
of the style, scale, and uniformity displayed by the English hound,
it is swifter in the chase, a keener and harder trailer, and possesses
greater endurance and superior " fox sense."

Any color is acceptable under the American standard, but com-
binations of tan, black, and white are the most common. The English
preference is for one of the following color combinations: Brown
and black (intermixed) with white markings; black and white with
tan markings on the head and stifles; badger pied (grey and white) ;
lemon pied (light yellow and white) ; hare pied (darker yellow and
white).

The American standard calls for do^s between 22 and 25 inches in
height and bitches 21 to 24 inches. The English hound varies from
22 to 24 inches, with dogs between 23i/^ and 24 inches and bitches
22 and 22 1^ inches. No definite weight standard is known for either
type, but English dogs scale about 60 to 80 pounds and the American
class 50 to 60 pounds.

Foxhounds, as their name implies, are kept chiefly for their sport-
ing merits and therefore find their greatest utility in the chase. In
general appearance such dogs should present indications of speed,
endurance, and trailing ability and should show their hound character
in every aspect and movement. Packs of Foxhounds may be found
in various parts of the T'^nited States but the total number is not very
large.

FOX TERRIER

The native home of the Fox Terrier (fig. 14) is England, where
it is reported to have originated about 1860. Although of com-
paratively recent creation, little is actually known of the exact blood
which entered into the breed's formation. The popular opinion,
however, is that animals of the white English Terrier, Bull Terrier,
smooth Black-and-Tan Terrier (Manchester), Beagle, and wire-
haired Black-and-Tan Terrier breeds were active in the creation
of the Fox Terrier. It appears that Fox Terriers were the out-
growth of the combined efforts of English sportsmen to produce a
small, working terrier which could be used to bolt the fox after it
had been run to earth by the hounds. For this purpose the animal
desired had to be comparatively small, game, hardy, and aggressive.
The question of size was a major factor in the early type, and it
is often said that present-day fanciers are not breeding true to type
because of the favor shown the larger terrier at bench shows.

White should be the predominating color in the Fox Terrier, and
black-and-tan markings are most frequently found with the white.

Farmers' BuUeiin 1)91

Brindle, red, or lirer inarkin*rs are objectionable. The questions of
height and Avei<rht in X\w Fox Terrier are debatable ones. The
pre.sent standard calls for a (log not above 15^^ inches at the withers
and weighing not more than 18 poinids in show condition. JVitches
are a tnfle siuallor in height, and weigh about 2 pounds less than
dogs. Bench show specimens, however, often do not conform to
ihe<-e sjxH'ifications, being generally taller and heavier than the
standard jiermits.

In general a])])earance this terrier should be a small, stnrdj\ well-
knit, active dog possessing plenty of power combined with speed
and endurance. (leneral conformation, sizo, and contour, not weight,
are the main factors to be considered in determining a terrier's fitness

Fm. 14. — Fox Terrier (smooth coated)

for work. Action is of utmost imjjortance in the Fox Terrier and
such dogs must be able to gallop and stay with their ])rey.

There are two tyj)es in the breed, classified solely on a basis of
coat character, the smooth haired and the wire haired. Both have
been considerably interbred, so it is not unusual to have pups of
each kind in the same litter. Tn the wire hair the coat should he
broken, and the harder and more wiry its texture the better. The
smooth type sliould have a smooth, flat, hard, dense, abundant
coating.

At present the wire-haired terrier is the more ])0])\dar type, al-
though both are extensively bred and extremelj^ popular in the
United States.

The Fox Terrier originated as a fox-bolting dog, and as such it
should be of utility to-day. Little use of the breed is made for this

Breeds of Dogs

purpose in this country, however, Avhere it is more highly regarded
as a sterling ratter, gopher dog, house guard, and companion.

GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG

Throughout the world there appears to be considerable misinfor-
mation regarding the correct name of the German Shepherd Dog.
At various times and places it has been called the Alsatian Shepherd
and Wolfdog, German Police, Police Dog, and Shepherd Dog. The
correct name, however, as applied by its native breed society, is
" Deutscher Schaferliund " (German Shepherd Dog). In the United
States the breed specialty organization has adopted " Shepherd
Dog " as official.

Fio. 15.— -German Shepherd Dog

As in the case of the Collie, the history of the German Shepherd
Dog breed dates far back into antiquity. In the opinion of Max von
Stephanitz, a noted authority, it is a descendant of the Bronze Age
dog. This theory refutes the more or less popular present-day
idea that the wolf has been largely instrumental in the development
of the breed, and is in line with the beliefs of other authorities
who consider it very doubtful that wolf outcrosses were ever made
with the German Shepherd Dog, and that if such were the case
the relationship is remote and of minor importance. Whatever
their source of origin, German Shepherd Dogs have been raised and
used in Germany for centuries and from a somewhat heterogeneous
mixture of early types has been developed the present-day dog.
Credit for this fixation of type is largely due to the efforts of the
Verein flir Deutsche Schaferhunde (Society for German Shepherd
Dogs) , which, under the guidance of Captain von Stephanitz, est-ab-

Farmers* Bulletin H91

lished a breed standard and by strict adherence to its requirements
has produced a most useful and popular dog.

Under the standard all colors are permissible for German Shep-
herd Dogs. Such colors vary from solid black to pure white, includ-
ing many variations of browns, grays, brindles, and mixed wolf
colorings. White markings on the chest and legs are allowed. White
and pale or washed-out colored dogs, although permissible, are not
desirable. The under coat, except in black dogs, is always light in
color. The average shoulder height for mature males is 24 inches
(60 centimeters) and for females 22 to 231/2 inches (55 to 58 centi*
meters). No weight specifications are set by the standard.

In general appearance the German Shepherd Dog is an alert,
highly intelligent, attractive dog of above-medium size, possessing a
long, strong, lithe, muscular body. It is a breed noted for watch-
fulness, honesty, courage, and loyalty. Although until about 10
years ago German Shepherd Dogs were practically unknown in this
country, in their native land they have long been highly regarded
as herders, watchdogs, and companions. Furthermore, special train-
ing has converted numbers of them into high-class police dogs, for
which work they are admirably adapted, because of a splendid con-
formation and natural inclination for trailing. Since the termina-
tion of the World War the popularity of the breed in the United
States has increased by leaps and bounds, so that now it is one of
the ranking dog breeds of this country. No doubt a portion of
this popularity is due to the " fad " idea, yet the German Shepherd
Dog has utility in many lines and numerous sterling qualities.

GREAT DANE

A number of theories have been advanced and considerable con-
troversy has at times arisen regarding the source and method of
origin of the Great Dane (fig. 16). The name indicates that this
dog is native to Denmark, yet it is common knowledge that the
breed's more recent development is directly traceable to the efforts
of German fanciers. Great Danes have been bred for centuries
abroad and records as far back as the Egyptian period prove that
a dog of this type was then in existence. It is presumed that the
breed descended from such dogs and that possibly the ancestral
Great Dane stock spread to Germany, where it was crossed with the
blood of the Ulmer Dogge, Rottweiler Metzerghund, etc. The name
"Deutsche Dogge" was adopted as the official title for the breed
in Germany late in the nineteenth century and as such it is now
known in that country.

Orthodox colors for the Great Dane are brindle, fawn, black,
blue, white, and harlequin. In brindle dogs the ground color is
any one of a number of shades varying from a light fawn to a red-
dish yellow on which dark stripes appear. The harlequin type has
black patches on a pure white ground. Such patches should be ir-
regular in shape and broken in nature. Heights for mature Great
Danes, taken at the shoulder, vary from 28 to 36 inches, the aver-
age for dogs being 80 to 36 inches and for bitches 28 to 32 inches.
Weights for males, under the standard, vary from 120 to 160 pounds
and for females from 100 to 130 pounds. *

Breeds of Dogs

The Great Dane i.^ a do^* of remarkable size, muscularity,
strength, courage, and general appearance. 'J'lie breed is neither so
large nor so massive as the ^TastiiF, but typical (xreat Danes com-
bine, to a marked degree, substance with graceful body outlines and
generally excellent action. The expression thrcmgliout should be
characterized by an attitude of absolute fearlessness combined with
almost tigerlike grace.

In their native land Great Danes were originally used for hunt-
ing large game, particularly the wild boar, and as guards. The
br(^ed is now employed only occasionally as a big-game dog and is
kept by fanciers principally as a companion and protector, (jreat
Danes are not extensively lired in the United States, although in-
dividuals of the breed aie widespread throughout the (*ountry.

FiC. 10. — Great Dane (Harlfquiii)

GREYHOUND

The Gre^'hound (fig. 17) is reputed to be one of the oldest of the
lu-eeds of dogs, its history dating back into antiquity thousands of
3'ears to the Egyptian era, with many evidences of existence por-
trayed in ancient writings and sculpture. From their earliest his-
t(uy such dogs have been great favorites with nuuiy classes of
fe;port-loving people, both as companions and for use in the chase.
The breed has long been noted for its exceptional speed afield and
accordingly has been used in the pursuit of almost every type of
game. Tyi>e and conformation have been kept fairly uniform in
this breed throughout its existence, with the result that present-day
Greyhounds do not differ greatly from their early progenitors.

22 Farmers* BuUctin U91

The Standard of tlio Giejiionnd Club of America places no re-
strictions on color for individuals of the breed; however, the coni-
inoner colors found and those Avliich are considered most desirable
by fanciers of tlic breed, are brindles, faAvn, black, black and wliite,
red, and ^late. Xo definite heights are assip;ned by tlie standard,
but representative (rrcyhounds will stand approximate!}^ 2G to 27
inches at the shoulder. Tlie desired weights for dogs arc 65 to 75
pounds and for bitclirs GO to G5 ])ounds.

Greyhounds are characterized by a smooth, clean, symmetrical,
muscular eonformation indicative of grent speed. Further, the breed
IS generally very intelligent and companionable in nature. Grey-
hounds are used primarily for coursing, in wliicli siglit is a major
consideration, but they arc fairlv good trailers as well and gener-

FiG*. 17. — (Jreyliound

ally possess good iioses. Xo great use is made of tlie breed in tlie
United States other than as a companion dog, because coursing
races are proliibited in a large number of States, especially in the
East. The breed, however, lias a number of fanciers and may be
found in small numbers scattered throughout various sections.

IRISH TERRIER

The Irish Terrier (fig. 18), like mo.^t of its terrier brothers, has
its origin and early development hidden in obscurity. To be sure,
many opinions have been advanced, but nothing I'eally authentic
is known of the contributing facts incidental to the formation of
the breed. Irish fanciers insist that their dog is a native terrier,
some authorities think the ancestral stock was Scotch, and still
others claim the breed to be the outgrowth of a cross bet^Yeen the

Breeds of Dogs

Irish Wolflionnd and the hound dog of Ireland. None of these
contentions have been verified. Whatever its ori<^in, the Irish
Terrier has acquired extensive popuhirity only within the last few
years. Such popuhirity has, moreover, been largely confined to the
British Islofe-, wliere the breed vies with the Scottish and Airedale
Terriers as a competitor of the Fox Terrier.

Bright red, red, wheat4?n, or yellowish red are the colors desired
in Irish Terriers. Individuals should be whole colored, and w^hite
on either the chest or toes is considered objectionable, although it
does not disqualify. Heights will approximate 18 inches, and the
most desirable weights for mature terriers in show^ condition are
24 pounds for dogs and 22 pounds for bitches.

Fig. 18. — Irish Terrier

In Ireland this terrier is a universal favorite, largely, no doubt,
because of its inherent spirit of gameness, reckless daring, and will-
ingness to fight. Such qualities have earned for the breed tlie title
of dare-devil." In general appearance the Irish Terrier is a me-
dium-sized, lithe, lively, wMry dog, possessing considerable substance,
together with good speed and endurance. The standard requires
that individuals be neither " cloddy " nor " cobby."

General use is made of the Irish Terrier in Great Britain as a
hunter of rabbits and vermin and for bolting foxes. In the United
States the breed is valued chiefly as a companion and guard, and
for the latter purpose it is particularly adept because of a natural
aggressive, wide-awake disposition. Irish Terriers are fairly popu-
lar in this country but are neither so numerous nor so widely known
as either the Airedale or Fox Terriers.

Farmers* Bulletin HOI

IRISH WOLFHOUND

Centuries ago, in Ireland, there existod a large, rugged hound
which was used for hunting elk, wolves, and deer. From such
stock it is thought the Irish Wolfliound (fig. ID) has descended.
At times tliere has been considerable controversy regarding the
origin and development of this breed; but it is generally believed
that the old-type hound of Ireland was rescued from extinction
tlirough the efforts of a small number of British sportsmen who
crossed the degenerating ancient stock with the blood of Scottish
Deerhounds, Great Danes, and Ruh>^ian Wolfhounds. Such breeding
operations gradually restored the breed to a seud)lance of tlie ances-

Ku;. — lv\>ih Wolfliound

Iral type. Early specimens of the breed are reported as monstrous
in size, and although the modern Irish Wolfhounds arc decidedly
massive and rugged in conformation it is probable that the present-
day dog is neither so large nor so powerful as its ancestors.

Recognized colors for Irish Wolfhounds are gray, brindle, red,
black, fawn, white, or any other color that is common to doorhounds.
Height in this breed is' a very variable factor, minimums of :U
and 28 inches being placed on dogs and bitches, respectively, by the
British standard. Corresponding weight minimums of 1*20 pounds
and 90 pounds are likewise specified for the two sexes. Both the
height and weight limitations serve only as approximations, how-
ever, since individuals have been known to weigh more than l.")0
pounds and stand '^7 inches or more at the s'houlder.

The Irish Wolfhound is an animal of great size and commanding
api)earance, exceedingly muscular and .strongly though synuuetri-

Breeds of Dogs

cally built. The head is long, with a boxed muzzle; the eyes dark
brown; the snout and lips black; the ears small and carried in
Greyhound fashion; the expression terrierlike; the chest very deep
and wide ; the back fairly short with arched loin ; the fore and hind
quarters muscular; the tail slender and straight; the bone big,
dense, and straight ; and the feet moderately large and round, with
arched toes. The hair must be rough and hard on the body, legs,
and head, and especially wiry and long over the eyes and under the
jaw, which should have no dewlap. Irish Wolfhounds are bred in
only a very limited way, so the distribution of the breed is by
no means extensive.

NEWFOUNDLAND

Few if any of the breeds of dogs have been the subject of as fre-
quent or as laudatory comment as the Newfoundland. Poets,
writers, and historians have mentioned this dog for more than a
century, yet no certain record is available regarding its origin. It
is most commonly believed that Newfoundlands developed from an
intermingling of the blood of ship dogs, principally English, which
landed at various times on the island of Newfoundland, at the
mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is very probable that the
ancestral stock was large and that this size was increased, and a
rugged constitution developed in the new breed by the rigors of
the climate.

There is a wide divergence of opinion regarding the color of early
specimens of the breed and of the correct color to-day. Black and
black-and-whites have always been the commonest colors, although
bronze and black-and-tan dogs have likewise been bred. The stand-
ard divides the breed, on a basis of coloring, into two classes: (1)
Blacks, in which a slight tinge of bronze or a small splash of white
on the chest, toes, or tail may appear; (2) other than blacks, which
includes the black-and-whites, black-and-tans, and bronze. Dull
jet is the preferred shade of black. Mature dogs should weigh
between 140 and 150 pounds and bitches between 110 and 120
pounds. A fair average for males, measured at the shoulder, is 28
inches, and for females 26 inches.

Newfoundlands have long been noted for their bravery and de-
votion. Native to northern fishing lands, such dogs are thoroughly
at home in the water. The breed is characterized by a broad, mas-
sive head; short, square, clean-cut muzzle; eyes dark, wide apart,
and deep set; small ears; an expression of intelligence, kindness,
and dignity; long, square, massive body; rather short but square-
set legs, well-boned and strongly muscled; large, round feet; and a
dense, abundant, weather-resisting coat.

Newfoundlands have been used mostly as guard and life-saving
dogs, but in their native land they have likewise been employed at
times for draft work. There is not a great number of the breed in
any section of the world now, so its distribution is very restricted.

OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG

Althouc^h no authentic records are available to establish the con-
tention, the Old English Sheep Dog (fig. 20) is thought to be a de-
scendant of that continental shepherd stock which has produced
the herding dogs of many European nations. As in the case of

Farmers* Bulletin P/Ol

other breeds, individual habitat and varyin<i; breeding operations
are largely responsible for this dogs present conformation. The
breed is definitely known to have been established in England in
the early part or the nineteenth eentury, but its origin probably
antedates that period many years. In Great Britain Old English
Sheep Dogs were used most extensively in herding work and occa-
sionally as retrievers and guard dogs. There appears to be a rather
decided resemblance between the Old English Sheep Dog and the
Bearded Collie of Scotland, which has led some authorities to beliere
that the two are variations of a common stock.

Under the standard any shade of gray, grizzle, blue, or blue merle,
with or without white markings or the reverse, is acceptable for

Fio. 20.— Old Kiigllsh Sheop Dog

Old English Sheep Dogs. Dogs should stand 22 inches and upward,
and bitches slightly less. No w^eight limitations are specified under
the standard.

The Old English Sheep Dog is a breed in which the herding
instinct has been highly specialized. Such dogs present an appear-
ance of great strength, muscularity, and " thicksetness," the body
being covered with a rather long, shaggy coat which accentuates
the general blockiness. The breed has frequently been termed " bob-
tail," but this is not a natural character, as only a few individuals
are born tailless, the remainder being docked when pups. Of late
years somewhat more attention has been paid to show-ring than to
%Torking conformation, yet the breed is still rather popular in Eng-
land, Scotland, and Canada as a herder. In the United States the
Old English Sheep Dog has been used chiefly as a companion and
watchdog and the breed has never attained great popularity. It^
distribution, accordingly, is somewhat limited.

Breeds of Dogs

PEKINGESE

Ycry few authentic data are available regarding the early history
of the Pekingese (fig. 21), That the breed is of oriental and verj"
ancient origin, however, is well established, for various records indi-
cate tliat tliese little dogs were a part of the royal household of im-
perial China many centuries ago. History records that the breed
became cstablislied in Enghind in 1800 following an importation of
live dogs wdiich had been taken as loot from the royal summer palace
at Peking. From England the popularity of the breed spread to
tlie Unit<id States. Pekingese have often been referred to as spaniels,
but it is not generally believed that there is a relationship between
these breeds.

Fig. 21. — rekinj^'cse

All colors are allowable under the Pekingese standard, the more
desirable being red, fawn, black, black and tan, sable, brindle, wdiite,
and parti-color well defined. Black masks and spectacles around the
eyes, with lines to ears, are desirable. In parti-color dogs the color
umst be evenly broken, and animals such as a red-bodied dog with
Avhite feet and chest do not come under this definition. Size of
Peking(^se in this country is measured principally by weight, indi-
viduals varying from 7 to 9 pounds being the most desirable. The
extreme w^eight allow^ance under the standard is 14 pounds. In
China the size is measured by height at the shoulder and length of
body, the desired figures being 8 inches and 17 inches, respectively.
Such an indi^'idual would scale ap])roximately 8 pounds.

In general appearance the Pekin<jese must suggest its oriental
origin. Outstanding breed characteristics are the broad, wide, flat.

Farmers' Bulletin UOl

massive head with a pronounced slop; short legs, the forelegs being
bowed at the elbows; heavy front and rather light hind quarters; and
an aloof, lionlike expression.

Within the last few years the Pekingese has become one of the
most popular of the toy and lap-dog breeds in this country. Fan-
ciers rq^ort that such animals are highly int-elligeni^ haro good con-
stitutions, are extreuiely affectionate and companionable, and are
well adapted to living under indoor conditions. A great number of
breeders of Pekingese are actively engaged in the breed's promotion
and its distribution is widespread throughout the United States.

POINTER

Most bird-dog authorities concede that the present-day Pointer
(fig. 22) is directly related to the old Spanish type. The Pointer of
Spain is known to have been in existence aboyt IGOO A. D., a time
before the advent of quick-firing guns. From Spain the stock spread

ri«. 22. — l»Mlnt»'i

to other countries, notably England, where the breed was fostered
for its game-finding qualities. This old type was a large, rather
slow-moving dog which could not perform satisfactorily afield when
improved gims were introduced. At that time sportsmen desired
a smaller, more agile dog; so, it is said, the Spanish blood was crossed
with that of the Foxhound. Such matings produced the desired
type of field performer, and from that stock has been developed the
Pointer of to-day.

At various tinies difl'erent colors and color combinations have been
popular in the Pointer breed. The more prominent of such colors
have been combinations of white with liver, lemon, or black mark-

Breeds of Dogs

ings. Solid blacks and livers likewise are occasionally seen as breed
colors. The best heights for mature Pointers are 2414 to 25 inches
at the shoulder. Good, big- dogs of this breed Aveigh about 60 pounds
and bitches 55 pounds. ^ . • . .

The representative Pointer is an exceedingly^ intelligent, active,
attractive individual, and the breed as a Avhole is a trifle sturdier
and rangier than, its chief jfield competitors, the Setters. Pointer
characteristics are a wide skull, with well-defined stop ; long, broad
nose; deep chest, Avith sufRcient spring of libs; strong, muscular
hind quarters; sturdy legs; sound, AA^ell-shapcd feet; and a smooth,
short coat. There should be a general symmetry and balance of
conformation throughout, suggestive of activity, soundness, and
endurance.

The Pointers have always been very popular Avith field trial
devotees in this country, and owners of such dogs advance many
arguments in their favor as bird finders. The breed's short coat is
undoubtedly an advantage when working under certain field con-
ditions, but it is likewise disadvantageous under othei*s. Whether
other contentions which have at times been advanced are applicable
to the breed as a whole is debatable. The Pointer, however, has a
horde of steadfast admirers in the United States and its distribu-
tion is widespread.

POMERANIAN

The most generally accepted theory concerning the origin of the
Pomeranian (fig. 2*]) is that it descended from dogs of the north-

FiG. 23.

. — PoiiHTjiniaii

Farmers' Bulletin iWl

land. General appearance indicates the use of Samoyede, Esqui-
maux, and Chow Chow blood in the breed's foundation and develop-
ment. It is thought that individuals of these breeds were intro-
duced into the Province of Pomerania, Germany, by settlers from
the north, and that from such animals the German Spitz was
evolved. The Spitz is said to be the source from which the Pomer-
anian is directly descended. Whether or not such theories are
correct, it is well known that credit for the present-type Pomeranian
lies largely with German and English fanciers. The Spitz was a
much larger and heavier dog than the Pomeranian, but careful
selection and considerable inbreeding were instrumental in reducing
the size and fixing the present miniature type.

The following colors are admissible under the Pomeranian stand-
ard : White, black, blue or gray, brown, sable, shaded sable, red,
orange, fawn, and parti-colors. The whites must be free of lemon
or any other color, and the other colors must be free from white.
In parti-color dogs the colors should be evenly distributed on the
body in patches. Breed classification by weights places animals
not exceeding 8 pounds in one class, with another class for those
above 8 pounds. No height specification has been set by the
standard.

Pomeranians have long been favorites among the toy and lap-dog
breeds in this country. In general appearance this dog is small,
compact, and short coupled, with a loxlike head and expression.
Individuals are usually alert, active, and intelligent. Faiiciers of
the breed claim that Pomeranians make excellent pets and are
cleanly house dogs and useful as small guards. There are a great
number, of Pomeranian fanciers and owners in the United States
and the breed's distribution is widespread.

POODLE

Poodles originated in continental Europe, particularly France,
Germany, and Russia. The similarity of type which exists between
the brown Poodle arid the Irish Water Spaniel has led many persons
to believe that these breeds have a common origin. It is probable
that the Poodle originated in Germany and from there spread to
other European countries, each country favoring a dog of particular
color and type. The active, black Poodle is most commonly found
in Russia and parts of Germany; the muscular, yellowish -brown
dog is employed as a draft animal in Belgium ; the whites and toys
are well represented in France. Individuals of the breed are
ordinarily classed as corded or curly, the two types being identical
in all respects except coat.

Colors common to the Poodle breed are white, black, brown, blue,
red, and apricot. Whites with lemon-colored ears are also found.
The tov class of the breed is under 12 pounds in weight, the minia-
tures from 12 pounds to 20 pounds, and the large type over 20
pounds. No definite height specifications are called for by the
standard.

Poodles are noted for their intelligence, and accordingly use has
often be^ made of them for trick and show purposes. Formerly
such dogs were also frequently employed as retrievers and they are
said to have been very proficient workers in the water. In general
appearance the Poodle should be active and intelligent, the possessor

Breeds of Dogs

of a well-knit conformation and proud carriage. It is accepted
practice to clip individuals of the breed in a more or less grotesque
manner, and this, combined with the fact that the coat is thought
to require extra attention, probably accounts for the small amount
of popularity that the Poodle now enjoys. In this country Poodles
are used chiefly as pet and companion dogs, but abroad they are
still employed as cart dogs, retrievers, and show performers as well.
The number of Poodle fanciers in the United States is fairly small
and the breed's distribution rather restricted.

RETRIEVERS

Of the three breeds of Retrievers — Curly Coated, Flat Coated, and
Labrador — ^the last named no doubt is the oldest. Most authorities
consider that the Labrador Retrievers have the same origin as the
Newfoundland, that is, they are the outgrowth of matings of various
ship dogs. Curly Coated Retrievers are of English production, prob-
ably created from an intermixture of Labrador Retriever and Poodle
stock; the Flat-Coated type, likewise a British dog, is said to carry
the blood of Labrador Retrievers and English Setters. All three
breeds possess a general similarity of type, conformation, and sport-
ing characteristics.

Colors vary with the breeds from black to liver. Flat- Coated
dogs are dense black or liver; Curly Coated Retrievers generally
dull black but occasionally liver; and Labradors black. The Curly
Coated and Flat-Coated types are practically identical in all respects
save coat character. Labradors, on the other hand, are a trifle smaller,
somewhat shorter-legged, and closer coated than the other retrievers.
The general appearance of all should be that of smart, clean-cut,
active dogs in which sporting instinct is prominently portrayed.

Retrievers are primarily hunting dogs and, accordingly, all the
general qualities so desirable in this class should be evident. They
should be highly intelligent, obedient, amenable to training, and
soft-mouthed. All are adept in the water and capable of working
under adverse conditions for considerable periods of time. In con-
formation they have symmetrical, fairly short, square, deep, well-
ribbed bodies; highly developed and powerfully muscled hind
quarters ; strong loins ; and large, dense bone. Approximate heights
lor the breeds vary from 24 to 26 inches and the weights from 65
to 80 pounds.

Dogs of the Retriever breeds have never been extensively bred in
the United States, although they are very popular in England. For
retrieving purposes the American sportsman has adopted the Chesa-
peake Bay Dog and the Irish Water Spaniel, so that the distribution
of Curly Coated, Flat-Coated, and Labrador Retrievers is somewhat
limited in the United States.

RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND

The Russian Wolfhound (fig. 24), or "Borzoi," as it is termed
in Russia, is a member of the coursing-dog family. For hundreds
of years dogs of this type have been used in Russia in various sports
of a coursing nature and are known to have been in existence siiice
the earliest times. It is thought that the ancestral stock of the breed

Farmers* Bulletin U91

was probably an Asiatic do<r of Borzoi character and that crosses
of its blood were made with wolflike dogs of the Xorth, The breed
name has arisen from the fact that Russians often iisetl the Borzoi
in the pursuit of wolves; however, some authorities insist that it is
a misnomer, since Russian Wolfhounds are used equally often in
pursuit of the fox and hare.

The standard accepts any color for individuals of the Russian
"VYolfhoiind breed. White usually predominates, combined with
lemon, tan, brindle, j?ray, or black markings. Whole-colored indi-
viduals of such tints occasionall}^ appear. Solid black or black-
and-tan are considered a disqualification. The standard height for
males is between 28 and 31 inches, with females about 2 inches less.
Dogs should scale 75 to 105 pounds; bitches 15 to 20 pounds less.

Fig. 24. — Russian Wolfhouiul

The Russian Wolfhound is one of the most symmetrical, graceful,
and strikingly attractive of all the breeds of dogs. Its general con-
formation indicates extreme speed and endurance, made possible by
an extraordinary muscular, heart, and lung development. Indi-
viduals of the breed have been used chiefly as coursing dogs in
Russia and other foreign countries, but in the United States they
have become most popular as companions. The number of Russian
Wolfhound breeders and owners in this country is somewhat limited
and the breed's distribution is, therefore, not extensive.

ST. BERNARD

If tradition may be accepted as authentic, the St. Bernard is a
product of the Alpine section of Switzerland. There, about GOO
Years a^o, the monks of the Hospice of St. Bernard are said to

Breeds of Dogs

have created the original type from the cross of a Mastiff dog of
the Pyrenees with a Danish Bulldog bitch. Later it became necessary
to outcross with the Newfoundland and the Pyrenean Sheep Dog
in order to refill the hospice kennels, which had been practically
destroyed through the ravages of distemper and accident. Credit
is likewise given the English Mastiff and the Bloodhound, used
in bringing the St. Bernard to its present stage of development.
The outcome of this heterogeneous mixing of the blood of various
breeds has been the production of a very extraordinary dog, an
animal in which size, strength, bravery, loyalty, and devotion are
traditional characteristics.

The standard specifies the following colors for St. Bernards:
White with red, or red with white, the red in all its various shades;
white with light to dark-barred brindle patches, or these colors
with white markings. The colors red or light brindle are of entirely
equal value. The following white markings are absolutely neces-
sary: Nose band (white muzzle), blaze, chest, legs, and tip of
tail. A collar or spot on the nape is desirable. The height of mature
males at the shoulder should be at least 27^/^ inches and of females
2dV2 inches. Weights for dogs vary from 170 to 210 pounds and
for bitches from 160 to 190 pounds.

The St. Bernard is a tall, strong, muscular dog of massive con-
formation. The head is large with an expression of dignity,
benevolence, and intelligence ; the body long, broad, and deep, witli
powerful loins and muscular hind quarters ; the bone heavy ; and the
feet broad^ with strong toes. The coat may be either long (rough)
or short (smooth). St. Bernards are exceedingly docile in temper-
ament and disposition and accordingly make excellent companions.
The breed has long been not^d for its heroism in rescue work and
has found other favor as a watchdog and guard dog. The number
of St. Bernards in the United States is small but the breed is well
liked wherever found.

SAMOYEDE

It is possible that the Samoyede* (fig. 25) sprang from the same
original source as the Chow Chow, namely from dogs of the north-
land. The early habitat of the Samoyede was Asiatic Kussia, par-
ticularly Siberia, the breed name being derived from a semi-
nomadic tribe, the Samoyedes. Kecords indicate that these people,
who are thought to be of Finnish descent, have for centuries used
dogs in many domestic activities, and the breed bearing their name
is the one reputed to have been most intimately associated with their
life. Such dogs were used chiefly in the herding of reindeer and
as draft animals. Samoyedes are particularly suited to the latter
task and in recent years have been of great value as sled dogs in
various polar expeditions.

The Samoyede standard specifies that individuals of the breed
must be pure white, white and biscuit, or cream in color. Black or
black spots disqualify. The height of mature dogs should be be-
tween 20 and 22 inches at the shoulder and of bitches 18 and 20
inches. Accepted weights for males vary between 45 and 55 pounds
and for females from 36 to 45 pounds.

* Pronounced Sam-6-y6d'. Also spelled " Samoyed."

Farmers' Bulletin U91

The Samoyede is essentially a workin*i,* do*r and its eon formation,
accord in<^ly, slionld indicate stren<i;th, endurance, and activity, with
a fair turn of speed. In its native land the breed is subje^led to
extreme northern climatic conditions which necessitate tlie char-
acteristic heavy, sha^r^y, weatlier-resistin<»: coat. In <i!.eneral ap-
pearance the Samoyede is of medium size, poscssln^* a moderate
len<^th of back, strong loins, good depth of chest, well-sprun<>: ribs,
and muscular hind quarters. Sound, sturdy, sqnare-set legs are
essential so that the animal may perform its work elUciontly. Aside
from the uses made of Sanioyedes as herders and sled dogs, they
are said to make excellent companions and guards. It is especially

Fic. !ir>. — Saiiioycdo

claimed that they are good playmates for children, since they read-
ily lend themselves to harness and are not inherently vicious. Sam-
oyedes have iu>t yet become widely known in the United States so
their distribution is rather limited.

SCOTTISH TERRIER

Few if any authentic data are available concerning the formation
of the Scottish Terrier breed (fig. 26). True, it has been assumed
by some that the Scot tie " is one of .several native breeds of terriers
which have sprung from a connnon foniidation stock, the High-
land Terrier; but whether this is correct is a matter of conjecture,
as is the contention that outcrosses were made with the black-and-

Breeds of Dogs

tan. wire-haired terrier of En^rland. In Scotland the Scottish
'J'errier has probably been bred for a ^xvent nnniber of years; but
the breed first received prominent reco<^nition late in the nineteenth
century, when classes for i-iich animals were provided at Enfrlish
bench shows. Since this recognition, wdiich officially terminated
a long controvers}^ abroad regarding the identity of the breed,
the Scottish Terrier has flourished both at home and in other lands.

Colors acceptable under the standard for Scottish Terriers are
gray, brindled or grizzled, black, sandy, and wheaten. White is
objectionable and is allowable only to a small extent on the chest.
Individuals vary in height from 9 to 12 inches (measured at the
shoulder). Dogs should weigh from 18 to 20 pounds and bitches
IG to 18 pounds.

ri'i. .0. — Scottish Terrier

The Scottish Terrier is a sturdy, alert, active, wiry dog, rather
small in stature but exc(^edingly well knit. The breed is noted for its
courage, intelligence, endurance, and all-round terrier qualities. The
ear:, are pricked; the eyes small, dark, and piercing; the jaws strong;
the legs short and very heavily boned; and the body of moderate
length. The hind quarters must be'very powerful, and, although the
general conformation should be of terrier character throughout,
members of the breed can not be too sturdily built.

Scottish Terriers have long been favorites with lovers of the terrier
type. This popularity is based on the breed's reputation as a sterling
j)erformer in all tasks of a terrier nature, for the "Scottie" works
eciually well above and below ground, and in water. Aside from its
terrier utility, the breed is valued as a companion and guard. Scot-
^isli Terriers are, of course, greatest favorites in their native land,
hut this popularity has to a degree spread to the Ignited States as
well, where the breed has many loyal owners and sui:)poilers.

Farmers* Bulletin U91

SEALYHAM TERRIER

The Sealylmui Terrier (fi<^. 27) is a breed which lias hut recently
come into prominence in the i\o<^ world. Althoiiirh there seems to be
no reason to doubt that such terriers have been bred for a con-
siderable number of years in their native land, AVale'^, the breed did
not acquire extensi\ e popuhirity until its fanciers be<j:an partici-
patin<>* in British bench shows. It is <;enerally a«j:reed that the Sealy-
haui is a numufacturod breed, bein^ a combination of the Fox Ter-
rier, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, and Bull Terrier. Early speciuiens
fr(»quently displayed evidences of their mixed ancestry, but the tyi)e
lum now become well fixed and indivieluals as a whole are uniform.

The predominating' color in the Sealyham Terrier is white. This
is <renerally supi)leniented with head and ear markings of lemon, tan.

Fn;. 27. — Senlyham Tori'ier

brindle, or l)ad<i:cr pied. Heavy markings ou the body are considered
undesirable. Standard heights for the breed vary between 8 and 12
inches at the shoulder. Do^s should weigh from 18 to 22 pounds,
bitches from 16 to 20 pounds.

Power, deteruiination, .substance, and quality must all be i>er-
sonified in the Sealyhaui Terrier's <jjeneral appearance. The .skidl
should be very wide and slightly rounded with but little or no stop;
the jaws lon(>\ level, .square, and powerful; the body of moderate
length, deep-ribbed, with ample heart and lun<j^ capacity: the le<^s
short and heavily boned, and the hind quarters powerful.

The Sealyham Terrier has not yet acquired the extensive popu-
larity of a number of the other terrier breeds, but fanciers claim it to

Breeds of Dogs

be the equal of any terrier, pound for pound, in courage, deter-
mination, and working ability. Sealyhams are gradually winning
many friends among American dog lovers, and, as a consequence,
the breed is expanding and growing in popularity throughout the
country. Evidences of this popularity are shown in the increased
numbers of Sealyham Terriers appearing at American kennel shows.

SETTERS
ENGLISH SETTER

Little authentic information is available concerning the origin of
the English Setter. There is a popular belief, however, that this
breed either descended from the Spaniel family or that both it and
the Spaniels are of common origin. Another theory advanced is

Fig. 28. — English Setter

that the English Setter is the result of a cross between Spaniels and
the old Spanish Pointers. Originally there were a great many
strains of setters in the British Isles, various representatives of
which found their way to America and produced our native setters.
The most famous of the British strains were the Laveracks and the
Llewellans. The Laveracks were considerably inbred and form
the foundation for the present bench-show type of English Setter.
The Llewellans are famous field-trial performers, this strain being
produced by outcrossing from the Laverack. A number of Llew-
ellans were imported into this country when the strain's popularity
as a field performer became known, and it is to such importations,
combined with the foundation of a studbook for the breed here that
the English Setter owes much of its present popularity. Both the

Farmers' Bulletin 1^91

bench-show and field-trial types are prominent in America and have
their advocates. The English Setter Club of America, ^Yhich is
the breed's specialty organization, does not recognize special .strains
within the breed, but lia.s adopted a standard by which all English
Setters should be judged on the bench.

Colors acceptable under the standard are": Black, white, and tan;
black and white: blue belton : leuion and white; lemon belton; orange
and white; orange belton; liver and white; liver belton; and solid
white. In height dogs should be about 22 to 23 inches, and bitches
21 to 22 inches at the shoulder. The mnture dog should weigh be-
tween 40 and 55 poimds and the bitch between S5 and 50 pounds.

In general appearance the English Setter is an exceedingly at-
tractive, intelligent, actire dog, possessing speed, endurance, and
sporting instinct. The breed is characterized by a lithe, muscular,
well-balanced conformation which enables it to work in an easy,
grnceful manner. The form of the skull, which is long with a
moderate dome, is an eminent breed characteristic. The coat is
flat, straight, of moderate length and of medium texture.

For many years the English Setter has been very popular among
bird-dog fanciers in the United States, and it is as a sporting dog
of this nature that the breed has its greatest utility. English Setters,
ho^yeve^, make good companion dogs as well, especially where
facilities are available foi- abundant exercise. The breed has manv
fanciers in this country and Engli.sh Setters may be found in nearly
all sections.

IRISH SETTER

The only fact about which there appears to be any certaintv as to
the origin of the Irish Setter (fig. 29) is that the bread had its

Fig. 20.— lrl»5h Setter

Breeds of Dogs

inception in Ireland. History of this dog dates back over several
centuries to a period preceding the invention of the fowling piece^
and the breed has bred true to type for a long period of years.
Several theories have at times been advanced regarding the breed's
creation, but it is the opinion of officials of the Irish Setter Club
of America that various spaniels and a number of the setters have
been developed from common stock, and that present-day differences
in type and conformation among such breeds have been brought
about by divergent breeding operations of individual fanciers.

Originally the color of the Irish Setter was generally red and
white, but recent breeding operations have discarded this for solid
red. The standard states that the color should be a rich, golden
chestnut or mahogany red, with no trace of black whatever. White
on the chest, throat, or toes, or a small star on the forehead, or a
narrow streak or blaze on the nose or face does not disqualify*
Shoulder heights favored for the breed range from 20 to 26 inch^,
as follows : Dogs, 24 to 26 inches ; bitches, 20 to 24 inches. Matnte
dogs should weigh between 50 and 65 pounds (60 pounds beimjg
favored), and bitches between 40 and 55 pounds (50 pounds most
desirable). , ,

The Irish Setter is a dog of medium size, active, smart, and aftr ac-
tive in appearance, possessing intelligence, a keen nose, and sporting
instinct. The breed has at times been criticized because it is sai,d
fanciers have to some extent sacrificed working utility for color
qualifications. This, however, is a moot question, as breed enthusi-
asts claim the Irish Setter is the equal of any bird dog in the field ^
that such dogs respond readily to proper training methods, and,
in addition, that they make the best of companions and are useful
as guards. At the present time the Irish Setter enjoys a fair de-
gree of popularity in the United States but is not extensively bred.

SPORTING SPANIELS

It is generally conceded that the various breeds of the Sporting
Spaniel family, with two possible exceptions, have a common source
or origin. Their name indicates that these dogs are native 6f
Spain, and such is the present belief. From Spain the ancestral
stock spread to other countries, notably England, where most of
the present-day breeds — Springers, Cockers, etc. — were developed.
Differences in type are attributed to divergent breeding operations.

The Clumber and the Irish Water Spaniel (in reality a retriever)
are the two breeds which do not share the common spaniel ancestry.
Although little or nothing is actually known of their source or
method of origin, the Irish Water Spaniel is reported by some to
have been developed in Ireland by one fancier, whereas the Clumber
Spaniel is thought to carry much of the blood of the old Alpine
Spaniel, a dog very similar in type to the Sti Bernard. Another
version advanced and advocated by Irish Water Spaniel authori-
ties concerning the origin of that breed is that it resulted from a
cross of the Irish Setter and the Poodle.

COCKER SPANIEL

The Cocker Spaniel (fig. 30) belongs to the smaller-sized branch
of the Sporting Spaniel family. The name " Cocker " was derived

Farmers' Bulletin l^iOl

from " Cocking Spaniel/' the old English term for the>o dogs, so
called because they were used for flushing woodcock an4l similar
birds. It is a breed of wide-awfike, serA'Iceable, int(dligent little
dogs, equally prized for their companionship and \v(Trk afield. The
general conformation of the Cocker is suggestive of sturdiness in
which both speed and endurance are couibined. The body is short,
compact, and iirmly knit: the (piarters -strong and miiscuhir; the
bone large; and the power ot' scent exceptionally keen. Tn all It^
actions the Cocker should be quick and merry, exhibiting that air
of alertness suggestive of an inclination to work. Black and white,
liver and white, lemon and white, jet black, red, liver, etc., are
acce])te(l colors for the breed. All self-colored shades should be
sound throuirhout. never faded or washy. White on tlu^ chest of

Fig. 30. — Cocker Spaniel

self colors is objectionable, but does not dis(|ualify. AccejXed
weights range from a minimum of IS to a maximum of pounds.

Cocker Sj^aniels are highly prized by sportsmen for shooting over
in thick co^•ers and swamps, as they work close nnd ar<* excellent
retrieveis. They also nudvc excellent companions, especially for
children. The breed is especially popnhir in the Ignited States, and
Cocker Spaniel breeders and fanciers are found scattered through-
out all sections of the <*ountry.

CLUMBER SPANIEL

Among sportsmen and spaniel fanciers the Clumber breed (fig.
31) has long found consi<lerable favor. Such popularity has no
doubt been justly earned, for this breed is exceptionally good both

Breeds of Dogs

on the bench and in the field. The massive frame, sturdy le^^s,
dignified expression, and attractive white coat \vith lemon or orange
markings combine to form an exceptional show breed. As a game
dog, the Clumber posscbses one of the k(^enest of noses, is an ardent
hunter and retriever, is amenable to training, and has the persever-
ance and endurance so desirable for work afield. The typical
Clumber has a long, low body that is well ribbed up; the chest is
deep; the loin powerful; the back long, broad, and straight; the
quarters muscular; and the bone big and strong. The head is large
and massire in all its dimensions and is very similar to the St.
Bernard's. Colors acceptable for the breed are either lemon and
white or orange and white. Perfection of markings are solid lemon
or orange colored ears, evenly marked head and eyes, muzzle and

rir.. :U. — CliinilM«r Spauii*!

legs ticked. Body markings are not desirable. Weights for dogs
average bet^Vteen 55 and G5 pounds and for bitches between 35 and
50 pounds.

Clumber Spaniels enjoy a fair mea.sure of popularity in the United
States, but the breed is neither so extensively owned nor so widely
tlistributed as the Corker Spaniel.

ENGLISH SPRINGER SPANIEL

The English Springer Spaniel has but recently gained recognition
as a breed and acquired a status of importance in dogdoui. Its
breed type more nearly resembles that of the ancestral spaniel strains
than any other of the Sporting Spaniel tribe. In general appearance
the English Springer is an active, compact, rather upstancling dog

Farmers' Bulletin H91

capable of considerable speed and extensive range afield. Acceptable
colors for the breed are : Black and tan ; liver and tan ; black ; liver •
black, white, and tan; liver and white; liver, white, and tan; lemon
and white; roan; etc. Weights approximate 40 pounds.

English Springer Spaniels are neither widely distributed nor
extensively bred in the United States, yet the breed's popularity
has increased considerably of late years, and it is thought that these
dogs will soon find greater favor as field performers among American
sportsmen.

FIELD SPANIEL

The Field Spaniel is a manufactured breed resulting from the
interbreeding of various other spaniels — the Cocker, Sussex, and
Springer. Generally the breed is divided into two classes, designated
as (1) blacks and (2) other than blacks. Both classes are identical
except for color. The black type is much the older of the two
classes, the varicolored Field Spaniel being of rather recent develop-
ment. Blood of the Cocker and Sussex Spaniels produced the black
class, and matings between the blacks and Springers are responsible
for the origin of the varicolors. The varicolored individuals all
have a ground color of white in combinations, as : Black and white ;
blue roan; liver and white; red roan; liver, white, and tan; and
tricolors or quadricolors. Black and tans, liver and tans, and
livers are sports of black and can not be accepted as true vari-
colors.

Field Spaniels may be characterized as being considerably larger,
heavier, and stronger than the Cocker and more active and animated
than the Clumber. They should exhibit courage and determination
in their carriage and action and possess liveliness of temperament.
The body is long and low set; the back and loin strong, level, and
muscular ; the legs extremely short, but of big bone ; and the head
and appearance indicative of a sporting dog capable and willing
to do anything its conformation permits. Weights for the breed
vary from 35 to 45 pounds. The Field Spaniel has attained reason-
able popularity in the United States but its distribution is not ex-
tensive.

IRISH WATER SPANIEL

There are few if any of the breeds of dogs which possess a more
quaint and distinctive appearance than the Irish Water Spaniel.
The general make-up of this water dog strongly suggests that the
Poodle-Irish Setter theory of origin is correct. Frem the Irish
Setter side it probably acquired color and animation, while the
Poodle contributed conformation and intelligence. Whatever the
source of origin, the Irish Water Spaniel is noted for its excellent
nose, true sporting instincts, high courage, and companionship. They
are excellent water dogs and retrievers, possessing little semblance to
the spaniel type, and are said to be very tractable and amenable to
training. Features of the breed are the characteristic peaked top-
knot, smooth mask, and the curly, almost waterproof coat. The color
must be a deep, pure liver without white, but, as in other whole-
colored breeds, an occasional animal will be found with a tiny
"shirt front" or white toe. Heights for the breed vary from 21 to 23
inches, while the weight approximates 60 pounds.

Breeds of Dogs

The Irish Water Spaniel has never acquired extensive popularity
in the United States, although it has met with considerable favor in
certain duck-shooting sections, particularly in the Northwest.

SUSSEX SPANIEL

One of the oldest of the breeds of land spaniels is the Sussex.
This dog has been firmly established in the county of Sussex, Eng-
land, for many years, from which district the breed name was
acquired. Typical individuals of the breed are rather massive and
muscular in form ; have heavy but not dull heads ; fairly large, lobe-
shaped ears; short, slightly arched, strong necks; round, deep chests;
long, muscular backs and loins; and short, sturdy legs of great bone.
Rich, golden liver bordering on the golden-chestnut shade is the
recognized breed color, and, when present, is a true indication of the
spaniel's purity of breeding. The coat is abundant in quantity and
flat or slightly waved in character. Accepted weights vary from
35 to 45 pounds.

Sussex Spaniels are most popular in their native district in Eng-
land and never have been extensively bred or used by sportsmen of
the United States. English admirers say that the Sussex is an ex-
ceedingly painstaking and conscientious worker, but its speed afield
is considerably slower than that of either the Cocker or the
Springers. A striking characteristic of this spaniel's work in the
field is that it " gives tongue " when on scent.

WELSH SPRINGER SPANIEL

The Welsh Springer, like the English Springer Spaniel, has but
recently become important in the dog world. This dog is decidedly
active, smart, and attractive in appearance, slightly larger than the
Cocker in size, has ears similar to the Clumber, and in color is white
with either orange or red markings. The body is symmetrical, com-
pact, and strong (indicative of activity and endurance), and the
expression merry and smart. There is considerable latitude in
weights for - the breed ; individuals may scale between 28 and 45
pounds.

The Welsh Springer is very popular in sections of Wales, where it
is best known, but has not as yet acquired much favor in the United
States.

WELSH TERRIER

The early history of the Welsh Terrier (fig. 32), like that of
almost all the various breeds of terriers, is shrouded in mystery.
General appearance, however, indicates that the breed is either very
closely related to or a direct descendant of the old black-and-tan,
wire-haired terrier of England. Welsh Terriers have no doubt been
bred for a great number of years in the British Isles, particularly
Wales, but it is only since official recognition was extended to the
breed by the English Kennel Club, about 40 years ago, that dogs of
this class have been of any great importance. To the Welsh breeders
must be given most of the credit for their terrier's development, for
such fanciers stuck steadfastly to the task in spite of many difficulties
which arose to nullify breeding efforts.

Farmers* Bulletin U91

The accepted color for terriers of this breed is a black and tan or
a black grizzle and tan, free from penciling on the toes. Height at
the shoulder should be 15 inches for clogs, bitches proportionately
Ic^s. Twenty pounds is a good avera,<j:e working weight for indi-
viduals, but this may vary a pound or so either \yay.

AVelsh Terriers are in some respects very similar to Fox Terriei-s,
the main differences being in color and type. The " Welshuuui "
is a dog of medium size, alert, active, and intolligont in appoaran
and the possessor of an enviable record in terrier work. The breed
is capable of destroying practically all types of small vermin and
is an excellent companion, as well as a house dog and watchdog.
These dogs are inherently of good temperament, hardy of con.^ti-
tution. easy to train, and extremely courageous and loyal. Wel-h

Fig. 32.— Welsh Terrier

Terriers are most popular in the British Isles; but the breed has
many admirers in the United States, although its distribution is
not especially extensive.

WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER

Throughout the western lughlaud section of Scotland — a rocky,
irregular seacoast district — terriers have for a great nuud^er of
years been actively used for hunting the fox, otter, and badger. It
was here that the sturdy, workmanlike West Highland White Terrier
(fig. 83) originated aud was developed. Little or nothing is known
of the early historv of the breed other than that it was probably
well established at a date previous to 1600 A. D., when the general
excellence of Argyllshire terriers was a matter of record. To be
sure, the early type dog of this district was not the model of mii-

Breeds of Dogs

formity generally found to-da}-, yet good terrier qualities and a
connnon preference for white dogs were even then evident.

Color for this breed should be pure white; an}^ other color is con-
sidered objectionable. Desirable weights for dogs are between 15
and 19 pounds, for bitches between 13 and 17 pounds. Height at the
shoulder should be between 8 and 12 inches.

In general appearance the West Highland White Terrier is a
small, game, hardy dog in which strength and activity are well
combined. Important characteristics of the breed are a long, low,
active bod}^; broad forehead; powerful, tapering jaw; strong hind
quarters; short, muscular legs; and a double coat, the outer portion
beini>' r()}irs(» 'ind v irv nn<l tln^ innei* soft aud wonth^'r v i tin<'\

Ku:. .*!;!. — Wost Uiffhlaiul White Terrior

The breed originated as a working terrier and as such still retains
its chief utility in Scotland. In Americfi, West Highland White
Terriers are more often used as companions and pets than as working
(logs. The breed has a small number of fanciers in this country,
but its di.stribntion i«; not widespread.

WHIPPET

The Whippet (fig. 34), or racing dog, originated approximately
100 years ago in the northern part of England. At that time .rabbit
baiting was a farorite sport among the mill hands, colliers, and

Fanners' Bulletin IWl

workmen of Yorkshire. DurliaiiK Xortlmmborland, and Lancasliircs
and it was through thoii* ell'orts that the brood was created. Later
it became unhnvful to conduct rabbit-baitintr races, so straiprht course
racing was adopted instead. In develo]>ing the Whippet, breechus
>()Uglit to obtain extreme speed, en(hirance, and stamina, with keen-
jiess, intelligence, and spirit. Accordingly, the blood of the (irey-
hound and tei rier breeds was selected as foundation stock. Jiecently.
it is said, some AVhippet strains have been crossed with the Italian
(ii'eyhonnd to obtain additional refinement.

In color the AVhippet may be any one of the various shades com-
nu)n to (Treyhonnd*^ — black, white, fawn. I'cd, gray, brindle — ^and
combinations of such colors wnth white. The ideal height foi* males
of the breed is 18V-> inche;? at the shoulder and for females 11 \2
inches. Average and ideal wxughts for nuitme individuals are, for

dogs, 21 i)ounds; for bitches, 20 pounds. Individuals, however,
which come within tlie limits of the racing handicaps, 10 to 2S
pounds, are acceptable to fanciers and judges.

The AVhipi)et is es.^eutially a racing dog, and its conformation
therefore must be indicative of extreme si)oed. In ^^eneral outline
the breed greatly resembles the OreAdiound in miniature form,
marked by cleanly tiim lines, general musrnlarity, endurance, and
stamina. Both in the I nited States and abroad the chief utility
i)i the breed is as a racer, although AA"hip])ets ai*e at times kept as
companions and pets. Being a sight hunter, the AVhippet is not
of j>articular use as a game dog. AVithin the last few years the racing
of AAHiippets has beccmie mo(lerately popular in the United States,
but there are not a great number of fanciers of the breed in this
country.

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